The Secret to Achieving Mastery

Several years ago, Renato, one of my jiujitsu instructors, convinced me to get back into grappling in a kimono. "It will be hard at first," he told me. "But after a few months, when you go back to fighting without the gi, your game will be better."

[A gi is a lightweight two-piece white garment worn in judo and other martial arts. A gi typically consists of loose-fitting pants and a jacket that is closed with a cloth belt].

He was right. During that first month of training, I felt like a white belt again. He was slapping arm bars, foot locks, and collar chokes at the rate of one per minute. It was downright depressing.

Practice improves your game

But I knew from experience that if I kept on practicing, I'd get better. And I did. Shortly thereafter, I increased my training from two to three times per week. Nowadays, I practice five or six days out of seven when I'm not traveling, which means I get in an average of 15 hours of practice per month, or about 15 sessions per month-270 per year.

I have no great natural talent for submission wrestling, but at 62, I keep improving. I got my brown belt two years ago, and my main instructor, Marcel, tells me that he's going to give me a black belt this year.

Incidentally, getting belts in Brazilian jiujitsu (BJJ)-at least, the way it has been done traditionally-is not like most martial arts in which belts are essentially sold (awarded to students who take X number of lessons and can perform some moves). To get a brown belt in BJJ, I had to win two national championships at the "expert" level. To get my black belt, I'll have to perform well at a competition in Brazil.

More hours equal more skill

Making yourself a better wrestler is no tougher than improving your foreign language skills. You must set specific goals, put in the time to practice, and practice well. I believe that there is almost nothing you can't accomplish as long as you are willing to follow those three simple rules.

Long before Malcolm Gladwell wrote Outliers, I made this case to my readers. I hypothesized that it takes about the same amount of time to improve in any complex skill: 1,000 hours to gain competence and 5,000 hours to gain mastery. I also said you could probably discount that time by as much as half if you practiced consciously under the instruction of a great teacher.

I've been thinking about this because I want to convince you that no matter your education, experience, or age, you can learn and even master any kind of wealth-building activity.

It will take effort. It will take time. But it can be done-and without stress or strain.

K. Anders Ericsson, a professor of psychology at Florida State University, has studied the subject of "expert performance" for pretty much his entire professional life. More than 30 years ago, he performed an experiment in which he trained people to hear and repeat series of numbers.

Untaught subjects were able to remember about seven digits in a row. After 20 hours of training, their memories had improved to the point where they could remember a 20-digit sequence. After 200 hours of training, they could remember a sequence of more than 80 numbers.

Later experiments in this area led Ericsson to conclude that whatever innate capacity a person might have for remembering is nothing, compared with how much he can learn by practice.

Do what you want to do

The bottom line: "Talent is highly overrated." All of Ericsson's research and findings have been put together in an 800-page book called The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance.

Do what you want to do, Ericsson advises. Even if that means pursuing something for which you have no evident talent. "A lot of people believe there are some inherent limits they were born with," Ericsson told The New York Times. "But there is surprisingly little hard evidence that anyone could attain any kind of exceptional performance without spending a lot of time perfecting it."

That doesn't mean all people have equal potential. Some people - like my neighbour's child (who is singing opera at age nine) or Renato - seem to be "hardwired" at birth with a facility for certain skills.

But in order to realize their potential, they will have to put in many hours of practice. And if they don't, someone who has no natural talent can easily surpass them.

That's one of the important messages in Ericsson's book: Anyone can learn to be good at pretty much anything as long as he has the time and tenacity to practice doing it.

Source: Africa Studio/ Shutterstock

How to become an expert

Of course, it can't be just any sort of practice, Ericsson warns. It must be what he calls "deliberate practice." This is the number one secret to skill development.

Deliberate practice involves more than repeating a specific task.

To achieve the kind of expert performance we're talking about:

1. You have to set specific goals.
2. You have to get instruction from an expert teacher.
3. You have to concentrate on technique as outcome.

1. Setting specific goals
   
   The more specific your goal is, the more likely you will be to achieve it. In The Success Principles, author Jack Canfield explains how to set ultra-specific goals:
   
   
   • Instead of "I want a new oceanfront house," say, "I'll own a 2,000-square-foot flat in Marine Drive, Mumbai, by April 30, 2015."
   • Instead of "I'm desperate to lose some weight," say, "I'll weigh 75 kgs by 5 p.m. on Jan. 1, 2015."
   • Instead of "I need to treat my employees better," say, "I will acknowledge at least six employees for their contributions to the department by 5 p.m. this Friday."
   
   
2. Getting instruction from an expert teacher
   
   Not only must an expert teacher be an expert in the subject he is teaching but he must also be an expert in teaching you. I have learned from experience that not every jiujitsu black belt can help me make progress.
   
   Some know the game but don't know how to explain it. Others are good at teaching younger people but don't have the patience for someone my age. If you want to accelerate your learning in any field or endeavor, make sure that you have a teacher who works well with you.
   
   Expert teachers help you in two ways: They chart a course of instruction for you to follow, they correct you every time you veer off course, and they pretty much force you to keep track of your progress.
   
   Getting expert help will shorten your learning curve dramatically and thus significantly reduce the time (and sometimes money) you have to invest in it. It will also greatly reduce the frustration that comes with learning anything new - and that might keep you from giving up.
   
   The very best athletes, entertainers, and business leaders all have someone in their corner whom they can go to for advice, leadership, and teaching. It stands to reason that if you want to achieve your wealth-building goals sooner, rather than later, you should select an expert teacher who works well with you.
   
   
3. Concentrating on technique as outcome
   
   This is a subtle qualification. What it means is that in practicing a skill, you should concentrate on the correct execution of that skill and not so much on the rewards you will enjoy once the skill is fully mastered.
   
   In other words, the reward for accomplishing any specific technique should be the psychological satisfaction of knowing that you've mastered it.
   
   This approach makes sense. It is, more or less, how behavior modification specialists work. Here's an anecdote about "The Jazz Master's Secret."
   
   The jazz master was blues guitarist Howard Roberts, who claimed that the secret of his virtuosity was to "never practice a mistake." His theory was that any learning is the biological process of creating neural networks in the brain.
   
   Every perfect repetition beats a good path-one that you can travel on later. Every incorrect repetition beats a parallel but incorrect path-one that you can easily slide onto if you aren't careful.
   
   The more you practice the right moves, the deeper the memory path. The trick is to make the correct paths as deep as possible and the incorrect paths shallow or nonexistent.

What does mastery mean to you? And how do you approach it? We look forward to your views.